KING OF JUDAH · TWO KINGDOMS

Zedekiah. Eleven years in Jerusalem, the last king of Judah.

REIGNEDi

11 years c. 597–586 BC (dates vary)

CAPITAL

Jerusalem

HOUSE

House of David 20th of 20 in Judah

VERDICT

✕ Did evil “And he did that which was evil in the sight of the LORD, according to all that Jehoiakim had done.”

PROPHETS

Jeremiah · Ezekiel · Hananiah son of Azur

JUDAH (THE SOUTH): 20 RULERS REHOBOAM → ZEDEKIAH

ACCESSION

How Zedekiah came to power

  • Nebuchadnezzar made Mattaniah king after taking Jehoiachin, and changed his name to Zedekiah. 2 Kings 24:17 2 Chronicles 36:10
  • Ezekiel: the king of Babylon "hath taken of the king's seed, and made a covenant with him, and hath taken an oath of him". Ezekiel 17:13

SUCCESSION

The two kingdoms

THE VERDICT

How Scripture judges the reign

“And he did that which was evil in the sight of the LORD, according to all that Jehoiakim had done.”

2 Kings 24:19 (KJV) →

BUT ALSO

  • Chronicles: he rebelled against Nebuchadnezzar, "who had made him swear by God", and "stiffened his neck, and hardened his heart". 2 Chronicles 36:13
  • Kings: "through the anger of the LORD" Zedekiah rebelled against the king of Babylon. 2 Kings 24:20

CHRONICLES GIVES IT AS

“And he did that which was evil in the sight of the LORD his God, and humbled not himself before Jeremiah the prophet speaking from the mouth of the LORD.”

2 Chronicles 36:12 (KJV) →

JUDAH (THE SOUTH): 20 RULERS

✓ Did right ✕ Did evil ◐ Mixed ● No verdict formula

THE KINGDOM

Jerusalem and the places of the reign

Judah (the south) · tribe of Judah. Only places Scripture names are shown, each where the Atlas puts it.

EVENTS

Wars, works and turning points

Each mark sits at the year of the reign the Bible gives for it.

UNDATED IN SCRIPTURE

THE NATION

What the nation did

  • "All the chief of the priests, and the people, transgressed very much" and polluted the temple (Chronicles). 2 Chronicles 36:14
  • They mocked the LORD's messengers "till there was no remedy". 2 Chronicles 36:16

PROPHETS

Prophets of the reign

  • Je Jeremiah “If thou wilt assuredly go forth unto the king of Babylon’s princes, then thy soul shall live, and this city shall not be burned with fire”
  • Ez Ezekiel “and I will bring him to Babylon to the land of the Chaldeans; yet shall he not see it, though he shall die there”
  • Ha Hananiah son of Azur He broke Jeremiah's yoke and promised peace within two years; Jeremiah said he made the people trust in a lie.

ON THE WORLD STAGE

The powers of the day

BABYLON

Nebuchadnezzar · Nebuzar-adan

EGYPT

Pharaoh-hophra

OUTSIDE THE BIBLE

OUTSIDE THE BIBLE · 597 BC

Babylonian Chronicle 5 (BM 21946)

OUTSIDE THE BIBLE · ABOUT 588–586 BC

The Lachish letters

TWO ACCOUNTS

Where Kings and Chronicles differ

Each ribbon joins the two accounts of one matter, passage to passage.

His relation to Jehoiachin

2 KINGS

2 CHRONICLES

The day the temple burned

2 KINGS

JEREMIAH

What each tells

2 KINGS

2 CHRONICLES

DATES DIFFER

When was it?

SCRIPTURE'S NUMBERS

No years given

11 years (2 Kgs 24:18). Scripture gives lengths and cross-dates, never BC years.

THIELE, REVISED BY MCFALL (1991)

c. 597–586 BC[117]

Printed form: 597–586 (PDF p. 37-38).

YOUNG (2005), REVISING THIELE

c. 597–587 BC[130]

Printed form: 597–587 (p. 246 (Table 2)).

ALBRIGHT (1945)

c. 598–587 BC[161]

Printed form: 598–587 (p. 22).

TRADITIONAL DATES (USSHER, 1658)

c. 599–588 BC[106]

Printed form: 599–588 (p. 86 (scan leaf n48)).

586 BC

E. R. Thiele; L. McFall (1991)

McFall keeps Thiele's date: the city fell on 9 Tammuz, 18 July 586. 2 Kings 25:2–4 [117]

587 BC

W. F. Albright (1945); R. C. Young (2005)

Albright put the storming in August 587; Young dates 9 Tammuz to 587. 2 Kings 25:2–4 Jeremiah 52:5–7 [161][130]

IN SCRIPTURE

Every passage

CHAPTERS · 15

2 Kings 24 2 Kings 25 2 Chronicles 36 Jeremiah 21 Jeremiah 27 Jeremiah 28 Jeremiah 32 Jeremiah 34 Jeremiah 37 Jeremiah 38 Jeremiah 39 Jeremiah 51 Jeremiah 52 Ezekiel 12 Ezekiel 17

PASSAGES · 15

2 Kings 24:17–20 2 Kings 25:1–30 2 Chronicles 36:10–23 Jeremiah 21:1–2 Jeremiah 27:3 Jeremiah 28:1–17 Jeremiah 32:1–5 Jeremiah 34:1–22 Jeremiah 37:1–21 Jeremiah 38:1–28 Jeremiah 39:1–10 Jeremiah 51:59 Jeremiah 52:1–30 Ezekiel 12:12–13 Ezekiel 17:11–21

WHAT SCRIPTURE DOES NOT SAY

  • Kings and Chronicles do not say when Zedekiah died; Jeremiah says only that he was in prison "till the day of his death".
  • Scripture does not say Zedekiah saw Babylon; Ezekiel says he would not see it.

IDENTIFICATIONS THIS PAGE RELIES ON

  • Born Mattaniah; the king of Babylon "changed his name to Zedekiah". Kings calls him Jehoiachin's "father's brother"; he was a son of Josiah. 2 Kings 24:17 Jeremiah 37:1 1 Chronicles 3:15

SOURCES

Where this page comes from

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  • W. E. Barnes, The Books of Chronicles (Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges) (1899), note on 2 Chr 28:27 (read on Bible Hub).
  • W. E. Barnes, The Books of Chronicles (Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges) (1899), note on 2 Chr 28:5 (read on Bible Hub).
  • W. E. Barnes, The Books of Chronicles (Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges) (1899), note on 2 Chr 33:11 (read on Bible Hub).
  • W. E. Barnes, The Books of Chronicles (Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges) (1899), note on 2 Chr 33:18 (read on Bible Hub).
  • W. E. Barnes, The Books of Chronicles (Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges) (1899), note on 2 Chr 35:20 (read on Bible Hub).
  • W. E. Barnes, The Books of Chronicles (Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges) (1899), note on 2 Chr 35:25 (read on Bible Hub).
  • W. E. Barnes, The Books of Chronicles (Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges) (1899), note on 2 Chr 36:10 (read on Bible Hub).
  • W. E. Barnes, The Books of Chronicles (Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges) (1899), note on 2 Chr 36:6 (read on Bible Hub).
  • W. E. Barnes, The Books of Chronicles (Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges) (1899), note on 2 Chr 36:9 (read on Bible Hub).
  • W. E. Barnes, The Books of Chronicles (Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges) (1899), Introduction, §8.
  • W. F. Albright, "The Chronology of the Divided Monarchy of Israel", Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 100 (facts only) (1945), Chronological table, pp. 20–22.
  • C. F. Keil, tr. J. Martin, Biblical Commentary on the Books of the Kings (Keil and Delitzsch) (1872), note on 2 Kgs 15:30 (read on Bible Hub).
  • J. R. Lumby, The Second Book of the Kings (Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges) (1887), note on 2 Kgs 15:30 (read on Bible Hub).
  • H. D. M. Spence and J. S. Exell (eds.), The Pulpit Commentary (1880–1897), note on 2 Chr 36:9 (read on Bible Hub).

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