KING OF JUDAH · TWO KINGDOMS

Manasseh. Fifty-five years in Jerusalem, the longest reign in Judah.

REIGNEDi

55 years c. 697–643 BC (dates vary)

CAPITAL

Jerusalem

HOUSE

House of David 14th of 20 in Judah

VERDICT

✕ Did evil “And he did that which was evil in the sight of the LORD, after the abominations of the heathen”

PROPHETS

"His servants the prophets" (unnamed) · "The seers" (unnamed)

JUDAH (THE SOUTH): 20 RULERS REHOBOAM → ZEDEKIAH

SUCCESSION

The two kingdoms

THE VERDICT

How Scripture judges the reign

“And he did that which was evil in the sight of the LORD, after the abominations of the heathen”

2 Kings 21:2 (KJV) →

“and made a grove, as did Ahab king of Israel”

2 Kings 21:3 (KJV) →

BUT ALSO

  • Kings: he "seduced them to do more evil than did the nations whom the LORD destroyed", and "shed innocent blood very much". 2 Kings 21:9 2 Kings 21:16
  • Kings later names his sins as the reason Judah was removed, "which the LORD would not pardon". 2 Kings 23:26 2 Kings 24:3–4
  • Chronicles adds his capture, his prayer, his return and his reform: "Then Manasseh knew that the LORD he was God." 2 Chronicles 33:11–16

CHRONICLES GIVES IT AS

“But did that which was evil in the sight of the LORD, like unto the abominations of the heathen”

2 Chronicles 33:2 (KJV) →

JUDAH (THE SOUTH): 20 RULERS

✓ Did right ✕ Did evil ◐ Mixed ● No verdict formula

THE KINGDOM

Jerusalem and the places of the reign

Judah (the south) · tribe of Judah. Only places Scripture names are shown, each where the Atlas puts it.

EVENTS

Wars, works and turning points

UNDATED IN SCRIPTURE

THE NATION

What the nation did

  • Baal altars, a grove, the host of heaven, enchantments and wizards. 2 Kings 21:3–6
  • After his return the people still sacrificed on the high places, "yet unto the LORD their God only" (Chronicles). 2 Chronicles 33:17

PROPHETS

Prophets of the reign

  • Hi "His servants the prophets" (unnamed) “Behold, I am bringing such evil upon Jerusalem and Judah, that whosoever heareth of it, both his ears shall tingle.”
  • Th "The seers" (unnamed) Chronicles refers to "the words of the seers that spake to him in the name of the LORD God of Israel".

ON THE WORLD STAGE

The powers of the day

ASSYRIA

OUTSIDE THE BIBLE

OUTSIDE THE BIBLE · REIGN OF ESARHADDON (7TH CENTURY BC)

Esarhaddon's prism

OUTSIDE THE BIBLE · ASHURBANIPAL'S FIRST EGYPTIAN CAMPAIGN (7TH CENTURY BC)

Ashurbanipal's cylinder

TWO ACCOUNTS

Where Kings and Chronicles differ

Each ribbon joins the two accounts of one matter, passage to passage.

Captivity and repentance

2 KINGS

2 CHRONICLES

His burial

2 KINGS

2 CHRONICLES

His mother

2 KINGS

2 CHRONICLES

DATES DIFFER

When was it?

SCRIPTURE'S NUMBERS

No years given

55 years (2 Kgs 21:1). Scripture gives lengths and cross-dates, never BC years.

THIELE, REVISED BY MCFALL (1991)

c. 697–643 BC[117]

Shared rule with Hezekiah, 697–687 BC

Printed form: 687/686–643/642; co-regency from 697 (PDF p. 34).

YOUNG (2005), REVISING THIELE

c. 697–643 BC[130]

Shared rule with Hezekiah, 697–687 BC

Printed form: 687/686–643/642; co-regency from 697/696 (p. 246 (Table 2)).

ALBRIGHT (1945)

c. 687–642 BC[161]

Printed form: c. 687–642 (p. 22).

TRADITIONAL DATES (USSHER, 1658)

c. 698–643 BC[106]

Printed form: 698–643 (p. 74 (scan leaf n42)). The 1658 margin misprints the year as 694 [sic]; its own year-of-the-world column gives 698.

Credible

Ellicott's commentary (C. J. Ball, about 1883); W. E. Barnes (1899)

Assyrian records show Manasseh as an Assyrian vassal, and a captive king being restored has a parallel in Necho I of Egypt, put in fetters and sent back. 2 Chronicles 33:11–13 [43][153]

The captivity possible, the repentance late

W. E. Barnes (1899)

Some doubt the repentance because Kings condemns Manasseh without reserve; Barnes notes the Chronicler gives no date, so the restoration may belong to his last years. 2 Kings 21:1–18 [160]

Hard to fit with the contemporary sources

F. K. Sanders (Jewish Encyclopedia, 1904); E. G. Hirsch and W. H. Bennett (Jewish Encyclopedia, 1903)

Silence elsewhere does not make the story imaginary, but it rests on the unsupported testimony of a late source; some regard it as wholly unhistorical. 2 Chronicles 33:11–19 [72][67]

IN SCRIPTURE

Every passage

CHAPTERS · 7

2 Kings 20 2 Kings 21 2 Kings 23 2 Kings 24 2 Chronicles 32 2 Chronicles 33 Jeremiah 15

PASSAGES · 7

2 Kings 20:21 2 Kings 21:1–18 2 Kings 23:26 2 Kings 24:3–4 2 Chronicles 32:33 2 Chronicles 33:1–20 Jeremiah 15:4

WHAT SCRIPTURE DOES NOT SAY

  • Scripture does not name the king of Assyria whose captains took Manasseh, or date the capture within his reign.
  • Scripture does not say how Isaiah died. A later tradition that he was killed under Manasseh is not in the Bible.
  • Kings does not mention a repentance.

SOURCES

Where this page comes from

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  • W. E. Barnes, The Books of Chronicles (Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges) (1899), note on 2 Chr 12:9 (read on Bible Hub).
  • W. E. Barnes, The Books of Chronicles (Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges) (1899), note on 2 Chr 15:19 (read on Bible Hub).
  • W. E. Barnes, The Books of Chronicles (Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges) (1899), note on 2 Chr 16:1 (read on Bible Hub).
  • W. E. Barnes, The Books of Chronicles (Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges) (1899), note on 2 Chr 17:6 (read on Bible Hub).
  • W. E. Barnes, The Books of Chronicles (Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges) (1899), note on 2 Chr 21:12 (read on Bible Hub).
  • W. E. Barnes, The Books of Chronicles (Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges) (1899), note on 2 Chr 22:9 (read on Bible Hub).
  • W. E. Barnes, The Books of Chronicles (Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges) (1899), note on 2 Chr 25:14 (read on Bible Hub).
  • W. E. Barnes, The Books of Chronicles (Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges) (1899), note on 2 Chr 26:1 (read on Bible Hub).
  • W. E. Barnes, The Books of Chronicles (Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges) (1899), note on 2 Chr 28:27 (read on Bible Hub).
  • W. E. Barnes, The Books of Chronicles (Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges) (1899), note on 2 Chr 28:5 (read on Bible Hub).
  • W. E. Barnes, The Books of Chronicles (Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges) (1899), note on 2 Chr 33:11 (read on Bible Hub).
  • W. E. Barnes, The Books of Chronicles (Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges) (1899), note on 2 Chr 33:18 (read on Bible Hub).
  • W. E. Barnes, The Books of Chronicles (Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges) (1899), note on 2 Chr 35:20 (read on Bible Hub).
  • W. E. Barnes, The Books of Chronicles (Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges) (1899), note on 2 Chr 35:25 (read on Bible Hub).
  • W. E. Barnes, The Books of Chronicles (Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges) (1899), note on 2 Chr 36:10 (read on Bible Hub).
  • W. E. Barnes, The Books of Chronicles (Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges) (1899), note on 2 Chr 36:6 (read on Bible Hub).
  • W. E. Barnes, The Books of Chronicles (Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges) (1899), note on 2 Chr 36:9 (read on Bible Hub).
  • W. E. Barnes, The Books of Chronicles (Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges) (1899), Introduction, §8.
  • W. F. Albright, "The Chronology of the Divided Monarchy of Israel", Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 100 (facts only) (1945), Chronological table, pp. 20–22.
  • C. F. Keil, tr. J. Martin, Biblical Commentary on the Books of the Kings (Keil and Delitzsch) (1872), note on 2 Kgs 15:30 (read on Bible Hub).
  • J. R. Lumby, The Second Book of the Kings (Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges) (1887), note on 2 Kgs 15:30 (read on Bible Hub).
  • H. D. M. Spence and J. S. Exell (eds.), The Pulpit Commentary (1880–1897), note on 2 Chr 36:9 (read on Bible Hub).

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