KING OF JUDAH · TWO KINGDOMS

Josiah. Thirty-one years in Jerusalem, from the age of eight.

REIGNEDi

31 years c. 641–609 BC (dates vary)

CAPITAL

Jerusalem

HOUSE

House of David 16th of 20 in Judah

VERDICT

✓ Did right “And he did that which was right in the sight of the LORD”

PROPHETS

Huldah the prophetess · Jeremiah · Zephaniah · The man of God from Judah (unnamed)

JUDAH (THE SOUTH): 20 RULERS REHOBOAM → ZEDEKIAH

ACCESSION

How Josiah came to power

  • "The people of the land" killed Amon's murderers and made Josiah king. 2 Kings 21:24 2 Chronicles 33:25
  • In Jeroboam's day a man of God from Judah had named him at the altar in Bethel: "a child shall be born unto the house of David, Josiah by name". 1 Kings 13:2

SUCCESSION

The two kingdoms

THE VERDICT

How Scripture judges the reign

“And he did that which was right in the sight of the LORD”

2 Kings 22:2 (KJV) →

“and walked in all the way of David his father, and turned not aside to the right hand or to the left”

2 Kings 22:2 (KJV) →

BUT ALSO

  • Special praise: "like unto him was there no king before him, that turned to the LORD with all his heart … neither after him arose there any like him". 2 Kings 23:25
  • Yet "the LORD turned not from the fierceness of his great wrath" because of Manasseh. 2 Kings 23:26–27
  • Chronicles adds that he "hearkened not unto the words of Necho from the mouth of God". 2 Chronicles 35:22
  • Jeremiah, speaking to his son: "He judged the cause of the poor and needy; then it was well with him". Jeremiah 22:15–16

CHRONICLES GIVES IT AS

“And he did that which was right in the sight of the LORD”

2 Chronicles 34:2 (KJV) →

JUDAH (THE SOUTH): 20 RULERS

✓ Did right ✕ Did evil ◐ Mixed ● No verdict formula

THE KINGDOM

Jerusalem and the places of the reign

Judah (the south) · tribe of Judah. Only places Scripture names are shown, each where the Atlas puts it.

EVENTS

Wars, works and turning points

Each mark sits at the year of the reign the Bible gives for it.

UNDATED IN SCRIPTURE

THE NATION

What the nation did

  • Every form of worship Kings condemns was removed: Baal, the grove, the host of heaven, Molech at Topheth, the horses of the sun, the high places. 2 Kings 23:4–14
  • "All his days they departed not from following the LORD" (Chronicles). 2 Chronicles 34:33

PROPHETS

Prophets of the reign

  • Hu Huldah the prophetess “Because thine heart was tender, and thou hast humbled thyself before the LORD”
  • Je Jeremiah Called in Josiah's thirteenth year; he lamented Josiah's death and later held him up to his son as a king who judged the poor and needy.
  • Ze Zephaniah A descendant of Hizkiah; the word of the LORD came to him in the days of Josiah.
  • Th The man of God from Judah (unnamed) In Jeroboam's day he foretold Josiah by name and the burning of bones on Bethel's altar.

ON THE WORLD STAGE

The powers of the day

EGYPT

Pharaoh-nechoh

OUTSIDE THE BIBLE

OUTSIDE THE BIBLE · 609 BC

Babylonian Chronicle of the fall of Nineveh

TWO ACCOUNTS

Where Kings and Chronicles differ

Each ribbon joins the two accounts of one matter, passage to passage.

When the reform began

2 KINGS

2 CHRONICLES

How he died

2 KINGS

2 CHRONICLES

The Passover compared

2 KINGS

2 CHRONICLES

Only in Chronicles

2 KINGS

2 CHRONICLES

DATES DIFFER

When was it?

SCRIPTURE'S NUMBERS

No years given

31 years (2 Kgs 22:1). Scripture gives lengths and cross-dates, never BC years.

THIELE, REVISED BY MCFALL (1991)

c. 641–609 BC[117]

Printed form: 641/640–609 (PDF p. 35).

YOUNG (2005), REVISING THIELE

c. 641–609 BC[130]

Printed form: 641/640–609 (p. 246 (Table 2)).

ALBRIGHT (1945)

c. 640–609 BC[161]

Printed form: c. 640–609 (p. 22).

TRADITIONAL DATES (USSHER, 1658)

c. 641–610 BC[106]

Printed form: 641–610 (p. 77-78 (scan leaf n43)).

The king of Babylon, ruling Assyria's empire

Matthew Poole (1683–85); Pulpit Commentary (1881)

"King of Assyria" means the Babylonian king, probably Nabopolassar. 2 Kings 23:29 [126][87]

The last king of Assyria

Ellicott's commentary; W. E. Barnes (1899)

Necho's enemy was the last king of Nineveh, then at war with Nabopolassar. 2 Chronicles 35:20 [45][155]

Cannot be determined

C. F. Keil (1872)

It depends on the year Nineveh fell, which Keil could not fix. 2 Kings 23:29 [28]

IN SCRIPTURE

Every passage

CHAPTERS · 11

1 Kings 13 2 Kings 21 2 Kings 22 2 Kings 23 2 Chronicles 33 2 Chronicles 34 2 Chronicles 35 Jeremiah 1 Jeremiah 3 Jeremiah 22 Zephaniah 1

PASSAGES · 11

1 Kings 13:2 2 Kings 21:24–26 2 Kings 22:1–20 2 Kings 23:1–30 2 Chronicles 33:25 2 Chronicles 34:1–33 2 Chronicles 35:1–27 Jeremiah 1:2 Jeremiah 3:6 Jeremiah 22:15–16 Zephaniah 1:1

WHAT SCRIPTURE DOES NOT SAY

  • Scripture does not say what the book of the law found in the temple contained, beyond calling it "the book of the law" and "the book of the covenant".
  • Scripture does not say why Josiah went out against Necho.
  • The lamentations Jeremiah wrote for Josiah are not identified in Scripture.

SOURCES

Where this page comes from

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  • H. D. M. Spence and J. S. Exell (eds.), The Pulpit Commentary (1880–1897), note on 2 Chr 16:1 (read on Bible Hub).
  • H. D. M. Spence and J. S. Exell (eds.), The Pulpit Commentary (1880–1897), note on 2 Chr 21:12 (read on Bible Hub).
  • H. D. M. Spence and J. S. Exell (eds.), The Pulpit Commentary (1880–1897), note on 2 Chr 24:20 (read on Bible Hub).
  • H. D. M. Spence and J. S. Exell (eds.), The Pulpit Commentary (1880–1897), note on 2 Kgs 15:5 (read on Bible Hub).
  • H. D. M. Spence and J. S. Exell (eds.), The Pulpit Commentary (1880–1897), note on 2 Kgs 16:20 (read on Bible Hub).
  • H. D. M. Spence and J. S. Exell (eds.), The Pulpit Commentary (1880–1897), note on 2 Kgs 16:5 (read on Bible Hub).
  • H. D. M. Spence and J. S. Exell (eds.), The Pulpit Commentary (1880–1897), note on 2 Kgs 18:13 (read on Bible Hub).
  • H. D. M. Spence and J. S. Exell (eds.), The Pulpit Commentary (1880–1897), note on 2 Kgs 23:29 (read on Bible Hub).
  • H. D. M. Spence and J. S. Exell (eds.), The Pulpit Commentary (1880–1897), note on 2 Kgs 25:8 (read on Bible Hub).
  • H. D. M. Spence and J. S. Exell (eds.), The Pulpit Commentary (1880–1897), note on 2 Kgs 8:26 (read on Bible Hub).
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  • John Gill, An Exposition of the Old Testament (1748–1763), note on 2 Chr 20:33 (read on Bible Hub).
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  • John Gill, An Exposition of the Old Testament (1748–1763), note on 2 Chr 22:2 (read on Bible Hub).
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  • Matthew Poole, Annotations upon the Holy Bible (1683–1685), note on 1 Kgs 15:16 (read on Bible Hub).
  • Matthew Poole, Annotations upon the Holy Bible (1683–1685), note on 2 Chr 13:2 (read on Bible Hub).
  • Matthew Poole, Annotations upon the Holy Bible (1683–1685), note on 2 Chr 16:1 (read on Bible Hub).
  • Matthew Poole, Annotations upon the Holy Bible (1683–1685), note on 2 Chr 21:12 (read on Bible Hub).
  • Matthew Poole, Annotations upon the Holy Bible (1683–1685), note on 2 Chr 22:2 (read on Bible Hub).
  • Matthew Poole, Annotations upon the Holy Bible (1683–1685), note on 2 Chr 35:25 (read on Bible Hub).
  • Matthew Poole, Annotations upon the Holy Bible (1683–1685), note on 2 Chr 36:10 (read on Bible Hub).
  • Matthew Poole, Annotations upon the Holy Bible (1683–1685), note on 2 Kgs 23:29 (read on Bible Hub).
  • Matthew Poole, Annotations upon the Holy Bible (1683–1685), note on 2 Kgs 24:8 (read on Bible Hub).
  • Matthew Poole, Annotations upon the Holy Bible (1683–1685), note on 2 Kgs 25:8 (read on Bible Hub).
  • Matthew Poole, Annotations upon the Holy Bible (1683–1685), note on 2 Kgs 9:27 (read on Bible Hub).
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  • R. Jamieson, A. R. Fausset and D. Brown, A Commentary, Critical and Explanatory, on the Whole Bible (1871), note on 2 Chr 21:12 (read on Bible Hub).
  • R. Jamieson, A. R. Fausset and D. Brown, A Commentary, Critical and Explanatory, on the Whole Bible (1871), note on 2 Chr 22:2 (read on Bible Hub).
  • R. Jamieson, A. R. Fausset and D. Brown, A Commentary, Critical and Explanatory, on the Whole Bible (1871), note on Jer 22:19 (read on Bible Hub).
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  • R. W. Rogers, Cuneiform Parallels to the Old Testament (1912), p. 322.
  • R. W. Rogers, Cuneiform Parallels to the Old Testament (1912), pp. 343–345.
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  • W. E. Barnes, The Books of Chronicles (Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges) (1899), note on 2 Chr 12:2 (read on Bible Hub).
  • W. E. Barnes, The Books of Chronicles (Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges) (1899), note on 2 Chr 12:9 (read on Bible Hub).
  • W. E. Barnes, The Books of Chronicles (Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges) (1899), note on 2 Chr 15:19 (read on Bible Hub).
  • W. E. Barnes, The Books of Chronicles (Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges) (1899), note on 2 Chr 16:1 (read on Bible Hub).
  • W. E. Barnes, The Books of Chronicles (Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges) (1899), note on 2 Chr 17:6 (read on Bible Hub).
  • W. E. Barnes, The Books of Chronicles (Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges) (1899), note on 2 Chr 21:12 (read on Bible Hub).
  • W. E. Barnes, The Books of Chronicles (Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges) (1899), note on 2 Chr 22:9 (read on Bible Hub).
  • W. E. Barnes, The Books of Chronicles (Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges) (1899), note on 2 Chr 25:14 (read on Bible Hub).
  • W. E. Barnes, The Books of Chronicles (Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges) (1899), note on 2 Chr 26:1 (read on Bible Hub).
  • W. E. Barnes, The Books of Chronicles (Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges) (1899), note on 2 Chr 28:27 (read on Bible Hub).
  • W. E. Barnes, The Books of Chronicles (Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges) (1899), note on 2 Chr 28:5 (read on Bible Hub).
  • W. E. Barnes, The Books of Chronicles (Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges) (1899), note on 2 Chr 33:11 (read on Bible Hub).
  • W. E. Barnes, The Books of Chronicles (Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges) (1899), note on 2 Chr 33:18 (read on Bible Hub).
  • W. E. Barnes, The Books of Chronicles (Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges) (1899), note on 2 Chr 35:20 (read on Bible Hub).
  • W. E. Barnes, The Books of Chronicles (Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges) (1899), note on 2 Chr 35:25 (read on Bible Hub).
  • W. E. Barnes, The Books of Chronicles (Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges) (1899), note on 2 Chr 36:10 (read on Bible Hub).
  • W. E. Barnes, The Books of Chronicles (Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges) (1899), note on 2 Chr 36:6 (read on Bible Hub).
  • W. E. Barnes, The Books of Chronicles (Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges) (1899), note on 2 Chr 36:9 (read on Bible Hub).
  • W. E. Barnes, The Books of Chronicles (Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges) (1899), Introduction, §8.
  • W. F. Albright, "The Chronology of the Divided Monarchy of Israel", Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 100 (facts only) (1945), Chronological table, pp. 20–22.
  • C. F. Keil, tr. J. Martin, Biblical Commentary on the Books of the Kings (Keil and Delitzsch) (1872), note on 2 Kgs 15:30 (read on Bible Hub).
  • J. R. Lumby, The Second Book of the Kings (Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges) (1887), note on 2 Kgs 15:30 (read on Bible Hub).
  • H. D. M. Spence and J. S. Exell (eds.), The Pulpit Commentary (1880–1897), note on 2 Chr 36:9 (read on Bible Hub).

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