KING OF BABYLON · EXILE & RETURN

Nebuchadnezzar. The king of Babylon who took Jerusalem, burned the temple and carried Judah into exile; Daniel's king.

REIGNEDi

Not given c. 605–562 BC (dates vary)

CAPITAL

Babylon

HOUSE

Not stated 2nd of 5 in Babylon

SCRIPTURE SAYS

“The LORD calls him "Nebuchadrezzar the king of Babylon, my servant", and says "have I given all these lands…”

PROPHETS

Jeremiah · Ezekiel · Daniel · Hananiah son of Azur

BABYLON: 5 RULERS MERODACH-BALADAN → BELSHAZZAR

ON THE WORLD STAGE

The powers of the day

JUDAH

Jehoiakim · Jehoiachin · Zedekiah · Gedaliah

EGYPT

Pharaoh-necho · Pharaoh-hophra

TYRE AND KEDAR

OUTSIDE THE BIBLE

OUTSIDE THE BIBLE · 605–594 BC

Babylonian Chronicle 5 (BM 21946)

OUTSIDE THE BIBLE · 592/591 BC

Ration tablets from Babylon

OUTSIDE THE BIBLE · HIS 37TH YEAR (567 BC, ROGERS)

Tablet of his campaign against Egypt

OUTSIDE THE BIBLE · 605–562 BC

His building inscriptions

SUCCESSION

Before and after

THE REALM

Babylon and the places of the account

Babylon. Only places Scripture names are shown, each where the Atlas puts it.

WHAT SCRIPTURE SAYS

What Scripture says of him

  • The LORD calls him "Nebuchadrezzar the king of Babylon, my servant", and says "have I given all these lands into the hand of Nebuchadnezzar". Jeremiah 25:9 Jeremiah 27:6
  • Daniel to the king: "Thou, O king, art a king of kings: for the God of heaven hath given thee a kingdom, power, and strength, and glory"; "Thou art this head of gold." Daniel 2:37–38
  • Ezra 5:12: God "gave them into the hand of Nebuchadnezzar the king of Babylon, the Chaldean, who destroyed this house, and carried the people away into Babylon". Ezra 5:12
  • Daniel 5 recalls that "when his heart was lifted up, and his mind hardened in pride, he was deposed from his kingly throne", till he knew that the most high God ruled. Daniel 5:20–21
  • His own last words in Daniel: "Now I Nebuchadnezzar praise and extol and honour the King of heaven … and those that walk in pride he is able to abase." Daniel 4:37

DEALINGS

Dealings with God's people

  • He put the temple vessels in "the house of his god"; Cyrus later brought them out. Daniel 1:2 2 Chronicles 36:7 Ezra 1:7
  • His decree: anyone who spoke amiss against the God of Shadrach, Meshach and Abed-nego would be cut in pieces, "because there is no other God that can deliver after this sort". Daniel 3:29
  • He sent a letter "unto all people, nations, and languages" telling "the signs and wonders that the high God hath wrought toward me". Daniel 4:1–3
  • "Is not this great Babylon, that I have built for the house of the kingdom by the might of my power". Daniel 4:30
  • Jehoiakim served him three years, then rebelled. 2 Kings 24:1
  • Jeremiah told Zedekiah: "Bring your necks under the yoke of the king of Babylon, and serve him and his people, and live." Jeremiah 27:12
  • Zedekiah rebelled against him, "who had made him swear by God". 2 Chronicles 36:13 2 Kings 24:20
  • He carried away Jerusalem's princes, mighty men, craftsmen and smiths; "none remained, save the poorest sort of the people of the land". 2 Kings 24:14
  • From the textJeremiah 52 counts 4,600 persons carried away in his 7th, 18th and 23rd years; Kings gives 10,000 for the first deportation alone. Jeremiah 52:28–30 2 Kings 24:14
  • He made Daniel ruler over the province of Babylon and set Shadrach, Meshach and Abed-nego over its affairs. Daniel 2:48–49
  • Ezra and Nehemiah list "the children of the province" whom Nebuchadnezzar had carried away, who came back. Ezra 2:1 Nehemiah 7:6

EVENTS

Wars, works and turning points

Each mark sits at the year of the reign the Bible gives for it.

UNDATED IN SCRIPTURE

PROPHETS

The prophets who spoke about him

  • Je Jeremiah “And now have I given all these lands into the hand of Nebuchadnezzar the king of Babylon, my servant”
  • Ez Ezekiel “Behold, I will give the land of Egypt unto Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon”
  • Da Daniel “Thou art this head of gold.”
  • Ha Hananiah son of Azur “Even so will I break the yoke of Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon from the neck of all nations within the space of two full years.”

TWO ACCOUNTS

Where the accounts differ

Jehoiakim's end

2 KINGS

2 CHRONICLES

The first deportation

2 KINGS

JEREMIAH

The day the temple burned

2 KINGS

JEREMIAH

Jehoiachin taken

2 KINGS

2 CHRONICLES

DATES DIFFER

When was it?

DOUGHERTY (1929)

c. 605–562 BC[70]

SCRIPTURE'S NUMBERS

No years given

His first year = Jehoiakim's fourth (Jer 25:1); Jehoiachin taken in his eighth (2 Kgs 24:12); Zedekiah's tenth = his eighteenth (Jer 32:1); the temple burned in his nineteenth (2 Kgs 25:8); deportations in his 7th, 18th and 23rd (Jer 52:28–30).

DRIVER (1900)

c. 604–561 BC[93]

BABYLONIAN CHRONICLE 5

No years given[40][1]

Crown prince at Carchemish in 605 BC; on his father's death he returned and took the throne the same year (Wiseman's edition, facts only).

The two verses

Daniel 1:1; Jeremiah 25:1 and 46:2

Daniel: "In the third year of the reign of Jehoiakim … came Nebuchadnezzar". Jeremiah: Jehoiakim's fourth year "was the first year of Nebuchadrezzar", the year of Carchemish. Daniel 1:1 Jeremiah 25:1 Jeremiah 46:2

"Came" means set out

E. W. Hengstenberg, C. F. Keil and O. Zöckler (as reported by S. R. Driver, 1900); Ellicott's commentary

The word "came" marks the starting point: Nebuchadnezzar set out from Babylon in Jehoiakim's third year and reached Judah after Carchemish in the fourth. Daniel 1:1 [92][9]

The end of the third, the start of the fourth

John Gill (1748–63)

Gill places the event at the close of Jehoiakim's third year and the beginning of the fourth, "which was the first of Nebuchadnezzar". Daniel 1:1 Jeremiah 25:1 [56]

Daniel's date is doubtful

S. R. Driver (1900)

Driver held the date historically doubtful: it rests on a tradition also found in 2 Chronicles 36:6–7, and the invasion of 2 Kings 24:1 belongs after Jehoiakim's fourth year. Daniel 1:1 2 Chronicles 36:6–7 [92]

IN SCRIPTURE

Every passage

CHAPTERS · 36

2 Kings 24 2 Kings 25 2 Chronicles 36 1 Chronicles 6 Jeremiah 21 Jeremiah 24 Jeremiah 25 Jeremiah 27 Jeremiah 28 Jeremiah 29 Jeremiah 32 Jeremiah 34 Jeremiah 35 Jeremiah 37 Jeremiah 39 Jeremiah 43 Jeremiah 44 Jeremiah 46 Jeremiah 49 Jeremiah 50 Jeremiah 51 Jeremiah 52 Ezekiel 26 Ezekiel 29 Ezekiel 30 Daniel 1 Daniel 2 Daniel 3 Daniel 4 Daniel 5 Ezra 1 Ezra 2 Ezra 5 Ezra 6 Nehemiah 7 Esther 2

PASSAGES · 39

2 Kings 24:1–25:30 2 Chronicles 36:5–21 1 Chronicles 6:15 Jeremiah 21:1–10 Jeremiah 24:1 Jeremiah 25:1–14 Jeremiah 27:1–22 Jeremiah 28:1–17 Jeremiah 29:1–3 Jeremiah 29:21 Jeremiah 32:1–5 Jeremiah 32:28 Jeremiah 34:1–7 Jeremiah 35:11 Jeremiah 37:1 Jeremiah 39:1–14 Jeremiah 43:8–13 Jeremiah 44:30 Jeremiah 46:1–26 Jeremiah 49:28–33 Jeremiah 50:17 Jeremiah 51:34 Jeremiah 52:1–30 Ezekiel 26:7–14 Ezekiel 29:17–20 Ezekiel 30:10–11 Daniel 1:1–21 Daniel 2:1–49 Daniel 3:1–30 Daniel 4:1–37 Daniel 5:2 Daniel 5:11 Daniel 5:18–21 Ezra 1:7 Ezra 2:1 Ezra 5:12–14 Ezra 6:5 Nehemiah 7:6 Esther 2:6

WHAT SCRIPTURE DOES NOT SAY

  • Scripture does not say how long Nebuchadnezzar reigned or how he died.
  • Scripture does not name his father.
  • Daniel does not say how long "seven times" is.
  • Scripture does not say whether his campaign against Egypt took place as Jeremiah and Ezekiel foretold it.

IDENTIFICATIONS THIS PAGE RELIES ON

  • From the textEzekiel always, and Jeremiah mostly, spell his name Nebuchadrezzar; Kings, Chronicles, Ezra, Nehemiah, Esther and Daniel spell it Nebuchadnezzar, as Jeremiah does in chapters 27–29 and at 34:1 and 39:5. Jeremiah 21:2 Ezekiel 26:7 2 Kings 24:1 Daniel 1:1 Jeremiah 27:6 Jeremiah 34:1 +1 more

SOURCES

Where this page comes from

  • A. K. Grayson, Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles (facts only) (1975), Chronicle 5.
  • A. K. Grayson, Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles, Chronicle 1 (facts only; read in Livius's reproduction) (1975), Chronicle 1, column i, lines 27–28.
  • C. F. Keil, tr. A. Harper, The Books of the Chronicles (Keil and Delitzsch) (1872), note on 1 Chr 5:26 (read on Bible Hub).
  • C. F. Keil, tr. J. Martin, The Twelve Minor Prophets (Keil and Delitzsch) (1868), note on Hos 10:14 (read on Bible Hub).
  • C. F. Keil, tr. J. Martin, The Twelve Minor Prophets (Keil and Delitzsch) (1868), note on Hos 5:13 (read on Bible Hub).
  • C. J. Ellicott (ed.), A Bible Commentary for English Readers (c. 1878–1884), note on 1 Chr 5:26 (read on Bible Hub).
  • C. J. Ellicott (ed.), A Bible Commentary for English Readers (c. 1878–1884), note on 2 Chr 33:11 (read on Bible Hub).
  • C. J. Ellicott (ed.), A Bible Commentary for English Readers (c. 1878–1884), note on 2 Kgs 20:12 (read on Bible Hub).
  • C. J. Ellicott (ed.), A Bible Commentary for English Readers (c. 1878–1884), note on Dan 1:1 (read on Bible Hub).
  • C. J. Ellicott (ed.), A Bible Commentary for English Readers (c. 1878–1884), note on Dan 4:33 (read on Bible Hub).
  • C. J. Ellicott (ed.), A Bible Commentary for English Readers (c. 1878–1884), note on Hos 10:14 (read on Bible Hub).
  • C. J. Ellicott (ed.), A Bible Commentary for English Readers (c. 1878–1884), note on Isa 20:1 (read on Bible Hub).
  • D. D. Luckenbill, The Annals of Sennacherib (Oriental Institute Publications 2) (1924), p. 156, "Epigraph: Sennacherib at Lachish".
  • D. D. Luckenbill, The Annals of Sennacherib (Oriental Institute Publications 2) (1924), pp. 32–34 (Oriental Institute Prism, col. III).
  • D. D. Luckenbill, The Annals of Sennacherib (Oriental Institute Publications 2) (1924), Introduction, pp. 11–13.
  • D. D. Luckenbill, Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia, vol. I (1926), §761, p. 269 (Tiglath-pileser's annals; reign 745–727 B.C.).
  • D. D. Luckenbill, Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia, vol. I (1926), §772, p. 276 (annals: tribute list).
  • D. D. Luckenbill, Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia, vol. I (1926), §777, p. 279 (annals: Hadaru, the 591 cities of Aram).
  • D. D. Luckenbill, Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia, vol. I (1926), §801, p. 287 (Nimrud tablet: tribute list).
  • D. D. Luckenbill, Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia, vol. I (1926), §§815–816, pp. 292–293 (fragmentary annals text).
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  • D. D. Luckenbill, Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia, vol. II (1927), §§193–195, pp. 105–106 (Sargon: prism fragment on Ashdod).
  • D. D. Luckenbill, Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia, vol. II (1927), §231, p. 115 (Sennacherib: reign 705–681 B.C.).
  • D. D. Luckenbill, Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia, vol. II (1927), §234, pp. 116–117 (Sennacherib's first campaign).
  • D. D. Luckenbill, Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia, vol. II (1927), §240, pp. 119–121 (Sennacherib's third campaign).
  • D. D. Luckenbill, Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia, vol. II (1927), §§242–243, pp. 121–122 (Sennacherib's fourth campaign).
  • D. D. Luckenbill, Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia, vol. II (1927), §§30–31, pp. 13–14 (Sargon's annals, years 11 and 12).
  • D. D. Luckenbill, Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia, vol. II (1927), §4, p. 2 (Sargon's annals, year 1).
  • D. D. Luckenbill, Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia, vol. II (1927), §497, p. 199 (Esarhaddon: reign 680–669 B.C.).
  • D. D. Luckenbill, Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia, vol. II (1927), §§501–506, pp. 200–202 (Esarhaddon's accession).
  • D. D. Luckenbill, Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia, vol. II (1927), §55, p. 26 (Sargon's display inscription).
  • D. D. Luckenbill, Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia, vol. II (1927), §580, pp. 226–227 (Esarhaddon's stele from Senjirli).
  • D. D. Luckenbill, Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia, vol. II (1927), §66, pp. 33–34 (Sargon's display inscription: Merodach-baladan).
  • D. D. Luckenbill, Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia, vol. II (1927), §690, pp. 265–266 (Esarhaddon's prism).
  • D. D. Luckenbill, Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia, vol. II (1927), §876, p. 340 (Ashurbanipal's cylinder C).
  • D. D. Luckenbill, Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia, vol. II (1927), List of Assyrian kings, pp. 439–442.
  • D. J. Wiseman, Chronicles of Chaldaean Kings (626–556 B.C.) in the British Museum (facts only) (1956), BM 21946.
  • E. F. Weidner, "Jojachin, König von Juda, in babylonischen Keilschrifttexten", Mélanges syriens offerts à M. René Dussaud, vol. II (facts only) (1939), pp. 923–935.
  • Geneva Bible translators, Geneva Bible marginal notes (1599), note on Dan 5:2 (read on Bible Hub).
  • Geneva Bible translators, Geneva Bible marginal notes (1599), note on Isa 20:1 (read on Bible Hub).
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  • H. D. M. Spence and J. S. Exell (eds.), The Pulpit Commentary (1880–1897), note on 2 Kgs 20:12 (read on Bible Hub).
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  • John Gill, An Exposition of the Old Testament (1748–1763), note on 2 Chr 33:11 (read on Bible Hub).
  • John Gill, An Exposition of the Old Testament (1748–1763), note on Dan 1:1 (read on Bible Hub).
  • John Gill, An Exposition of the Old Testament (1748–1763), note on Hos 10:14 (read on Bible Hub).
  • John Gill, An Exposition of the Old Testament (1748–1763), note on Isa 20:1 (read on Bible Hub).
  • Joseph Benson, Commentary on the Old and New Testaments (1811–1818), note on Dan 5:1 (read on Bible Hub).
  • Matthew Poole, Annotations upon the Holy Bible (1683–1685), note on Dan 5:1 (read on Bible Hub).
  • Matthew Poole, Annotations upon the Holy Bible (1683–1685), note on Hos 10:14 (read on Bible Hub).
  • Matthew Poole, Annotations upon the Holy Bible (1683–1685), note on Hos 5:13 (read on Bible Hub).
  • Matthew Poole, Annotations upon the Holy Bible (1683–1685), note on Isa 20:1 (read on Bible Hub).
  • R. D. Wilson, "Belshazzar", International Standard Bible Encyclopedia (1915).
  • R. Jamieson, A. R. Fausset and D. Brown, A Commentary, Critical and Explanatory, on the Whole Bible (1871), note on 2 Chr 33:11 (read on Bible Hub).
  • R. P. Dougherty, Nabonidus and Belshazzar (Yale Oriental Series, Researches XV) (1929), p. 106 (the 'Verse Account', col. II, lines 18–20).
  • R. P. Dougherty, Nabonidus and Belshazzar (Yale Oriental Series, Researches XV) (1929), pp. 172–174 (the Nabonidus Chronicle on the fall of Babylon).
  • R. P. Dougherty, Nabonidus and Belshazzar (Yale Oriental Series, Researches XV) (1929), pp. 196–197, with notes 649, 652 and 654.
  • R. P. Dougherty, Nabonidus and Belshazzar (Yale Oriental Series, Researches XV) (1929), pp. 60–62.
  • R. P. Dougherty, Nabonidus and Belshazzar (Yale Oriental Series, Researches XV) (1929), pp. 6–7 (the Neo-Babylonian kings in the cuneiform texts).
  • R. W. Rogers, Cuneiform Parallels to the Old Testament (1912), p. 202 (Babylonian king list).
  • R. W. Rogers, Cuneiform Parallels to the Old Testament (1912), pp. 208–212 (the Babylonian Chronicle, cols. I–II).
  • R. W. Rogers, Cuneiform Parallels to the Old Testament (1912), pp. 215–217 (the Babylonian Chronicle, cols. III–IV).
  • R. W. Rogers, Cuneiform Parallels to the Old Testament (1912), pp. 237–238 (eponym lists, 708–704 B.C.).
  • R. W. Rogers, Cuneiform Parallels to the Old Testament (1912), p. 239 (the Ptolemaic Canon).
  • R. W. Rogers, Cuneiform Parallels to the Old Testament (1912), pp. 308–313 (Tiglathpileser IV, introduction).
  • R. W. Rogers, Cuneiform Parallels to the Old Testament (1912), p. 316 (Tiglathpileser's annals, line 150).
  • R. W. Rogers, Cuneiform Parallels to the Old Testament (1912), pp. 319–321 (Tiglathpileser on Pekah and Hoshea).
  • R. W. Rogers, Cuneiform Parallels to the Old Testament (1912), p. 322 (Nimroud tablet, with note).
  • R. W. Rogers, Cuneiform Parallels to the Old Testament (1912), pp. 323–326 (Sargon II, introduction; annals on Samaria).
  • R. W. Rogers, Cuneiform Parallels to the Old Testament (1912), pp. 328–331 (Sargon: the campaign against Ashdod).
  • R. W. Rogers, Cuneiform Parallels to the Old Testament (1912), pp. 332–333 (Sennacherib, introduction).
  • R. W. Rogers, Cuneiform Parallels to the Old Testament (1912), pp. 343–345 (Sennacherib against Jerusalem).
  • R. W. Rogers, Cuneiform Parallels to the Old Testament (1912), pp. 347–348 (Polyhistor and Abydenus).
  • R. W. Rogers, Cuneiform Parallels to the Old Testament (1912), pp. 349–352 (Esarhaddon, introduction).
  • R. W. Rogers, Cuneiform Parallels to the Old Testament (1912), p. 356 (Esarhaddon, Prism B).
  • R. W. Rogers, Cuneiform Parallels to the Old Testament (1912), pp. 360–364 (Nebuchadrezzar, introduction).
  • R. W. Rogers, Cuneiform Parallels to the Old Testament (1912), p. 367 (Nebuchadrezzar's campaign against Egypt).
  • R. W. Rogers, Cuneiform Parallels to the Old Testament (1912), pp. 368–369 (building inscription of Nebuchadrezzar).
  • R. W. Rogers, Cuneiform Parallels to the Old Testament (1912), pp. 371–378 (Nabonidus, Belshazzar and Cyrus, introduction).
  • R. W. Rogers, Cuneiform Parallels to the Old Testament (1912), pp. 378–379 (the four clay cylinders of Nabonidus, col. II).
  • S. R. Driver, The Book of Daniel (Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges) (1900), note on Dan 1:1, pp. 1–2.
  • S. R. Driver, The Book of Daniel (Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges) (1900), Introduction to ch. V, p. 60.
  • S. R. Driver, The Book of Daniel (Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges) (1900), Additional note on Nebuchadnezzar's madness, pp. 58–60.
  • S. R. Driver, The Book of Daniel (Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges) (1900), Introduction, pp. l–li.
  • T. K. Cheyne, Hosea (Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges) (1884), note on Hos 10:14 (read on Bible Hub).
  • T. K. Cheyne, Hosea (Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges) (1884), note on Hos 5:13 (read on Bible Hub).
  • W. E. Barnes, The Books of Chronicles (Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges) (1899), note on 1 Chr 5:26 (read on Bible Hub).
  • W. E. Barnes, The Books of Chronicles (Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges) (1899), note on 2 Chr 33:11 (read on Bible Hub).
  • Xenophon, tr. H. G. Dakyns, Cyropaedia: The Education of Cyrus (1914), Book VII, ch. 5, §§15–33.

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