{ "schemaVersion": 2, "study": 5, "title": "From manuscript to printed Bible", "category": "bible-formation", "categoryTitle": "The Bible: formation & transmission", "route": "/study/from-manuscript-to-printed-bible", "checked": "2026-10-14", "status": "researched-and-implemented-local", "scope": "Selected histories of European Bible production, Jewish editorial traditions and Massachusett translation and printing, with Asian printing precedence acknowledged. Close investigations of a 1516 primary page, copy-level variation and modern editorial policies; not a global translation census.", "thesis": "Printing changes the reproduction of books; it does not end textual variation, editing, translation or hand work.", "sources": [ { "id": "getty", "title": "Getty · The Making of a Medieval Book", "url": "https://www.getty.edu/art/exhibitions/making/", "type": "Museum exhibition", "access": "Page read: parchment, ruling, copying, illumination and binding.", "checked": "2026-10-13" }, { "id": "materials", "title": "Museum Plantin-Moretus · Printing Materials", "url": "https://museumplantinmoretus.be/en/collection-research/de-collectie/printing-materials", "type": "Holding museum’s technical account", "access": "Page read: punches, cast type, type designers and typesetting. Applies to Plantin’s workshop, not a reconstruction of every detail of Gutenberg’s casting technique.", "checked": "2026-10-13" }, { "id": "workshop", "title": "Museum Plantin-Moretus · The printing workshop", "url": "https://museumplantinmoretus.be/en/seeing-doing/museum/printing-workshop", "type": "Holding museum’s technical account", "access": "Page read: composing, galleys, inking, impressions and proofreading. Production-rate claims not used.", "checked": "2026-10-13" }, { "id": "asia", "title": "Library of Congress · Printing in Asia", "url": "https://blogs.loc.gov/international-collections/2021/06/the-history-of-printing-in-asia-according-to-library-of-congress-asian-collections-part-1/", "type": "Institutional history", "access": "Search record reviewed; supports only the precedence of Asian printing and Bi Sheng’s movable type.", "checked": "2026-10-13" }, { "id": "gutenberg", "title": "Library of Congress · Gutenberg Bible, volume 1", "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/gdcwdl.wdl_04102_001/", "type": "Digitized primary object and custodial description", "access": "Catalogue/search record reviewed; full volume not read. Describes the Bavarian copy and its rubrication guide.", "checked": "2026-10-13" }, { "id": "cambridge", "title": "Cambridge University Library · Great and Manifold Blessings", "url": "https://wwwe.lib.cam.ac.uk/CUL/exhibitions/KJV/captions.html", "type": "Institutional exhibition with shelfmarks", "access": "Exhibition captions read, including Gutenberg, Erasmus, Luther, Tyndale, Coverdale, Geneva, Rheims and the KJV. Historical objects themselves not fully read.", "checked": "2026-10-13" }, { "id": "soncino", "title": "Università Cattolica · The Soncino Hebrew Bible and Its Editions", "url": "https://publicatt.unicatt.it/handle/10807/240477", "type": "Research repository record", "access": "Abstract and bibliographic record read; full chapter by Giancarlo Toloni (2023), pp. 58–78, not read.", "checked": "2026-10-13" }, { "id": "bh-history", "title": "German Bible Society · History of Biblia Hebraica", "url": "https://www.die-bibel.de/de/wissenschaftliche-ausgaben/biblia-hebraica/die-biblia-hebraica-von-rudolf-kittel-bhk/biblia-hebraica", "type": "Publisher/editorial history", "access": "Relevant historical sections read in German; dates and change of base text checked.", "checked": "2026-10-13" }, { "id": "bhq", "title": "German Bible Society · Biblia Hebraica Quinta", "url": "https://www.die-bibel.de/en/home/scholarly-editions/vulgate/scholarly-bible-editions/biblia-hebraica-quinta-bhq", "type": "Edition project description", "access": "Page read: diplomatic text, Masorah, apparatus and commentary. Not a reading of all fascicles.", "checked": "2026-10-14" }, { "id": "bomberg", "title": "Museum of the Bible · Bomberg’s Miqra’ot Gedolot", "url": "https://collections.museumofthebible.org/artifacts/44894-shaar-hashem-he-adash-daniel-bombergs-miqraot-gedolot?theme=collections-highlights", "type": "Holding institution record", "access": "Search record reviewed; dates 1525–26 differ from German Bible Society’s 1524/25. No individual-volume collation performed.", "checked": "2026-10-13" }, { "id": "complutensian", "title": "Digital Complutensian · Chronology", "url": "https://neelsmith.quarto.pub/digitalcomplutensian/complutensian/chronology/index.html", "type": "Research project reporting primary colophons", "access": "Chronology read. Direct colophon viewer failed. Uses explicit printing dates; warns that circulation in 1522 is inferred. Unrelated erroneous death-date sentence not adopted.", "checked": "2026-10-13" }, { "id": "eton", "title": "Eton College · Complutensian Polyglot, B26443", "url": "https://catalog.etoncollege.com/B26443", "type": "Holding institution catalogue", "access": "Search record reviewed; direct page fetch failed. Records Brocar, 1514–17 and qualified circulation circa 1522.", "checked": "2026-10-13" }, { "id": "newberry", "title": "Newberry Library · Polyglots: Cathedrals of Print", "url": "https://publications.newberry.org/polyglot/polylgot-text.pdf", "type": "Institutional exhibition PDF", "access": "Selected sections read: Complutensian layout/sources, named Hebrew editors, Latin aids and London subscription project. Not all bibliography read. Its Antwerp volume/language totals conflict with the holding museum; museum record preferred.", "checked": "2026-10-13" }, { "id": "plantin", "title": "Museum Plantin-Moretus · The royal Bible in five languages", "url": "https://museumplantinmoretus.be/en/royal-bible-five-languages-arias-montanus", "type": "Holding institution", "access": "Page read: Plantin, Montanus, Philip II, eight volumes and five languages.", "checked": "2026-10-13" }, { "id": "plantin-accounts", "title": "Library of Congress / Plantin-Moretus · Royal Bible accounts", "url": "https://www.loc.gov/resource/gdcwdl.wdl_11725/", "type": "Digitized primary account book, 1568–78", "access": "Catalogue/search record reviewed; ledger not transcribed. Record dates Bible production 1568–73.", "checked": "2026-10-13" }, { "id": "dts", "title": "Dallas Theological Seminary Library · Some Rare Bibles", "url": "https://digital.library.dts.edu/Pages/TL/Special/sc_bibles.shtml", "type": "Institutional exhibition", "access": "Search excerpts reviewed for Estienne and Beza; direct fetch timed out. Relation claims limited to those excerpts.", "checked": "2026-10-13" }, { "id": "bezae", "title": "Cambridge · Digital recovery of a lost page of Codex Bezae", "url": "https://specialcollections-blog.lib.cam.ac.uk/?p=15340", "type": "Institutional research report", "access": "Research account read in full on 2026-10-14; confirms Estienne 1550 marginal use of Codex Bezae. Underlying printed volume not independently collated.", "checked": "2026-10-14" }, { "id": "dejonge", "title": "H. J. de Jonge · Erasmus and the Comma Johanneum (1980), pp. 381–389", "url": "https://bibletranslation.ws/down/DeJonge-Comma-Johanneum.pdf", "type": "Original research article; scan hosted by a third party", "access": "Article pp. 381–389 read across two research passes, including conditional reply to Lee (385), Codex Britannicus discussion (386–387) and Bombasius correspondence. Original sixteenth-century replies/letters not independently inspected. Latin excerpt is quoted through this article.", "checked": "2026-10-14" }, { "id": "tregelles", "title": "S. P. Tregelles · The Book of Revelation in Greek (1844), introduction", "url": "https://assets.cambridge.org/97811080/07450/frontmatter/9781108007450_frontmatter.pdf", "type": "Primary scholarly edition, Cambridge reprint excerpt", "access": "Publisher description and indexed introduction excerpts reviewed; scanned-page retrieval failed. Full edition not read. Used only as further reading, not a sole authority for displayed relationships.", "checked": "2026-10-13" }, { "id": "mill", "title": "R. C. Jebb · Bentley, chapter X: The proposed edition of the New Testament", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/bentley/proposed-edition-of-the-new-testament/A40E1B455D9078AC991CE847DF322D04", "type": "Historical research, publisher chapter excerpt", "access": "Excerpt located/reviewed: Mill’s 1707 edition and thirty years of collecting variants. Full chapter not read.", "checked": "2026-10-13" }, { "id": "nestle", "title": "German Bible Society · The Nestle’s History", "url": "https://www.die-bibel.de/en/the-nestles-history", "type": "Publisher/editorial history", "access": "Page read: 1898 edition comparison, Weymouth replaced by Weiss in 1901, 1927 apparatus, manuscript verification and 1979 revision.", "checked": "2026-10-14" }, { "id": "intf", "title": "University of Münster, INTF · Nestle-Aland", "url": "https://www.uni-muenster.de/INTF/forschung/nestle-aland/index.html", "type": "Edition research institute", "access": "Project page read.", "checked": "2026-10-13" }, { "id": "na28", "title": "German Bible Society · The NA28", "url": "https://www.die-bibel.de/en/the-na-28", "type": "Publisher/editorial account", "access": "Page read: ECM influence on Catholic Letters, apparatus changes and Jude 5 as an example. Full NA28 apparatus not reproduced.", "checked": "2026-10-14" }, { "id": "na29", "title": "German Bible Society · Preview of NA29", "url": "https://www.die-bibel.de/en/the-na-29", "type": "Publisher development notice", "access": "Page read on 2026-10-13; describes an edition in preparation. Future changes are plans, not a completed publication claim.", "checked": "2026-10-14" }, { "id": "cbgm", "title": "University of Münster, INTF · Coherence-Based Genealogical Method", "url": "https://www.uni-muenster.de/INTF/en/forschung/cbgm/index.html", "type": "Primary methodology project", "access": "Project account read; method combines textual judgments with relations among witnesses, not automatic recovery of an autograph.", "checked": "2026-10-13" }, { "id": "lxx", "title": "German Bible Society · History of the Rahlfs Septuagint", "url": "https://www.die-bibel.de/wissenschaftliche-ausgaben/septuaginta/zur-geschichte-der-septuaginta", "type": "Publisher/editorial history", "access": "Page read in German: compact edition 1935, Hanhart revision 2006 and relation to the larger Göttingen project.", "checked": "2026-10-13" }, { "id": "goettingen", "title": "Göttingen Septuagint · Publications", "url": "https://septuaginta.uni-goettingen.de/publications/septuaginta/", "type": "Primary edition project bibliography", "access": "Publication register reviewed, especially Genesis (Wevers 1974); individual volumes not read.", "checked": "2026-10-13" }, { "id": "erasmus-page", "title": "Basel University Library · Erasmus, Novum Instrumentum (1516), printed p. 183", "url": "https://www.e-rara.ch/bau_1/content/pageview/896099", "type": "Digitized primary edition; UBH BibG B 3; DOI 10.3931/e-rara-2849", "access": "Catalogue, IIIF manifest and page image inspected. Printed pp. 182–183 inspected; p. 183 is used here. Greek and Latin witness clauses, chapter V, signature q3 and catchword checked visually. Full volume not read. Public Domain Mark.", "checked": "2026-10-14" }, { "id": "agata", "title": "Mari Agata · Stop-press Variants in the Gutenberg Bible, dissertation summary", "url": "https://koara.lib.keio.ac.jp/xoonips/modules/xoonips/download.php/KO10001001-20062683-0002.pdf?file_id=132239", "type": "Author’s Japanese dissertation summary, Keio repository", "access": "Summary pp. 1–7 read, particularly digital comparison method and reported results. Reports 117 non-spacing changes on 88 pages; 277 including spacing on 216 pages. Nine digitized copies fully collated; wider checks involved 32 copies. These are study sample results, not all extant copies. Full dissertation retrieval failed; summary dated March 2006 internally, research profile lists degree work 2007. No page-level variant invented.", "checked": "2026-10-14" }, { "id": "agata-report", "title": "Mari Agata · Stop-Press Variants: First Report of the Collation (2003)", "url": "https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/pbsa.97.2.24296024", "type": "Research article record, PBSA 97/2, 139–165", "access": "Publisher metadata and citation trail read; full article not accessed. Located as foundational study, not used for uninspected variant details.", "checked": "2026-10-14" }, { "id": "copy-history", "title": "Paul Needham / Cambridge · The Gutenberg Bible", "url": "https://exhibitions.lib.cam.ac.uk/behindthescenes/2014/10/23/the-gutenberg-bible-paul-needham/", "type": "Bibliographical research essay at the holding library", "access": "Indexed excerpt reviewed; direct fetch failed. Identifies Cambridge copy as setting copy for Heinrich Eggestein’s third Latin Bible, completed late 1469 or early 1470. Corroborated by Cambridge exhibition catalogue; marks not independently collated.", "checked": "2026-10-14" }, { "id": "prinsloo", "title": "Gert T. M. Prinsloo · Diplomatic or eclectic critical editions? (2022)", "url": "https://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?pid=S0259-94222022000100074&script=sci_arttext", "type": "Original research, HTS 78/1, a7813; DOI 10.4102/hts.v78i1.7813", "access": "Sections on edition types, Habakkuk 3:1 and 3:9, and synoptic alternative read. Reports Elliger’s BHS 1970 and Gelston’s BHQ 2010 treatment. On-page Hebrew phrase is a normalized teaching excerpt; apparatus is paraphrased from his comparison, not presented as independently collated or copied from BHQ. His criticism of reconstruction is attributed, not treated as consensus.", "checked": "2026-10-14" }, { "id": "hbce", "title": "SBL Press · The Hebrew Bible: A Critical Edition", "url": "https://www.sbl-site.org/sbl-press/browse-books/the-hebrew-bible-a-critical-edition/", "type": "Editorial programme by project/publisher", "access": "Search-indexed project statement read: corrected archetype, multiple ancient editions, retroversion, commentary and criticisms. Direct fetch returned 403. No claim to have read full volumes or verified promised digital features.", "checked": "2026-10-14" }, { "id": "hobbins", "title": "John F. Hobbins · Taking Stock of Biblia Hebraica Quinta", "url": "https://www.afet.de/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Hobbins_BHQ.pdf", "type": "Scholarly review essay, pp. 37–56", "access": "Opening sections and discussion of BHQ, HaKeter, and Oxford Hebrew Bible read. Historical publication schedule is not used as current status. Discussion shows why a diplomatic main text is compatible with critical evaluation in notes.", "checked": "2026-10-14" }, { "id": "weis", "title": "Richard D. Weis · Biblia Hebraica Quinta and the Making of Critical Editions (2002)", "url": "https://doi.org/10.15699/tc.7.2002.07", "type": "Foundational methodological article, TC 7", "access": "Bibliographic record and abstract located; full-text mirrors failed. Its classification of editions is discussed through Hobbins and Prinsloo, not claimed as a direct full-text reading.", "checked": "2026-10-14" }, { "id": "haketer", "title": "Bar-Ilan University · Mikra’ot Gedolot HaKeter", "url": "https://cris.biu.ac.il/en/organisations/mikraot-gedolot-haketer-marcos-and-adina-katz/", "type": "Primary editorial project description", "access": "Project account read: Menachem Cohen, Aleppo Codex basis, Masorah, targum and commentaries, print and digital forms. Promotional superlatives and unsourced error totals not adopted.", "checked": "2026-10-14" }, { "id": "mcdonald", "title": "Grantley McDonald · Biblical Criticism in Early Modern Europe (2016)", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/biblical-criticism-in-early-modern-europe/5EDB2B5936F8DD80A374B39C12594533", "type": "Scholarly monograph, Cambridge University Press", "access": "Publisher description and contents read. The book extends the Comma question into confessional and social history; full book not read. No detailed claims about its individual arguments asserted.", "checked": "2026-10-14" }, { "id": "basel-erasmus", "title": "University of Basel · Erasmus: Novum Instrumentum and Comma Iohanneum", "url": "https://tales.nmc.unibas.ch/en/erasmus-von-rotterdam-3/ein-text-der-texte-8/zeittafel-82", "type": "University exhibition", "access": "German account read for Latin translation aims and controversy; its blanket statement about all pre-1516 Greek witnesses is not adopted.", "checked": "2026-10-14" }, { "id": "kjv-preface", "title": "The Translators to the Reader · 1611 preface, modernized transcription", "url": "https://mail.bible-researcher.com/kjvpref.html", "type": "Primary preface via transcription of Oxford 1833 reprint", "access": "Section on diverse senses in margins read. Transcription modernizes spelling and presentation and omits patristic references. Used for the translators’ stated policy, not proof of uniform practice in every verse. No inference from unrelated authors cited elsewhere in the preface.", "checked": "2026-10-14" }, { "id": "peabody", "title": "Harvard Peabody Museum · Literacy and the Printing Press", "url": "https://peabody.harvard.edu/galleries/digging-veritas-literacy-and-printing-press", "type": "Archaeological exhibition and collection account", "access": "Page read, including 1979 type discovery, James Printer and John Sassamon. Does not establish that the excavated letter printed a Bible: museum associates it with the 1666 grammar’s preface. Its broad North American press priority claim is not adopted.", "checked": "2026-10-14" }, { "id": "eliot", "title": "Bridwell Library · Eliot Bible, revised edition (1685)", "url": "https://bridwell.omeka.net/exhibits/show/prothrobible/american/eliot", "type": "Holding library catalogue, Prothro B-64", "access": "Record read: first complete edition 1663, revised edition 1685, Job Nesutan’s translation assistance and James Printer’s composition/correction work. No full Massachusett text read.", "checked": "2026-10-14" }, { "id": "eliot-afterlife", "title": "Library of Congress · Eliot’s Bible (2024)", "url": "https://blogs.loc.gov/loc/2024/08/eliots-bible/", "type": "Institutional collection essay", "access": "Page read for missionary context and use of Bible and other records in Wôpanâak language reclamation. Its reference to Geneva as source differs from other accounts naming KJV; no exclusive source-text chain claimed here.", "checked": "2026-10-14" }, { "id": "eliot-census", "title": "The Wôpanâak Bible · A Census", "url": "https://eliotcensus.org/about/", "type": "Research project description", "access": "Project introduction located: census of 1661 NT, 1663 Bible and 1685 edition, building on Eames/Pilling. Individual census entries not audited.", "checked": "2026-10-14" } ], "editions": [ { "id": "gutenberg", "short": "Gutenberg", "date": "c. 1455", "place": "Mainz", "name": "The 42-line Bible", "language": "Latin", "people": "Johannes Gutenberg’s workshop; financier Johann Fust; Peter Schoeffer; rubricators and binders.", "claim": "A printed book could still need a hand to finish it.", "kind": "gutenberg", "sourceIds": [ "gutenberg", "cambridge" ], "layers": [ { "label": "Printed text", "title": "The press repeats a setting", "text": "Movable metal type carried a Latin Vulgate text. Two columns resemble manuscript book design. “42-line” names the usual column length, not every page. Printing multiplied an edited exemplar; it did not return directly to the biblical authors.", "sourceIds": [ "gutenberg" ] }, { "label": "Hand finishing", "title": "An individual copy emerges", "text": "Illuminators added decorated initials after printing. Cambridge’s copy preserves this mixture of mechanical reproduction and manual work. Turn this layer off to see why a printed sheet was not necessarily a finished page.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge" ] }, { "label": "Page furniture", "title": "Instructions could travel with the sheets", "text": "The Bavarian copy preserves a printed rubrication guide. Rubrics are headings or directions, not a separate biblical witness. This model marks their function without reproducing a particular leaf.", "sourceIds": [ "gutenberg" ] } ], "limit": "Schematic of a typical two-column page. No original letters, ornament, damage or exact line count is reproduced." }, { "id": "bomberg", "short": "Rabbinic Bible", "date": "1524/25", "place": "Venice", "name": "The Second Rabbinic Bible", "language": "Hebrew & Aramaic", "people": "Jacob ben Hayyim ibn Adonijah, editor; Daniel Bomberg, printer and publisher.", "claim": "The margins are part of the reading instrument.", "kind": "bomberg", "sourceIds": [ "bh-history", "bomberg" ], "layers": [ { "label": "Biblical text", "title": "A selected Masoretic text", "text": "Ben Hayyim’s edition established an influential printed form of the Hebrew Bible. Hebrew printing was already decades old: the Soncino press had issued a complete Hebrew Bible in 1488.", "sourceIds": [ "bh-history", "soncino" ] }, { "label": "Masorah", "title": "Notes about transmission", "text": "Masoretic notes preserve information about the text’s wording and forms. They are distinct from an explanatory commentary and from a modern apparatus that compares witnesses.", "sourceIds": [ "bomberg", "bhq" ] }, { "label": "Targum & commentary", "title": "Translation and interpretation alongside", "text": "Aramaic targum and rabbinic commentary surround the biblical text. These are different kinds of writing, not extra Hebrew verses. The schematic groups functions rather than reproducing one book’s exact layout.", "sourceIds": [ "bomberg" ] } ], "limit": "The series is commonly dated 1524/25; another holding record gives 1525–26. Dates may describe different components. This is not a collation of a particular set." }, { "id": "complutensian", "short": "Complutensian", "date": "1514–17", "place": "Alcalá de Henares", "name": "The Complutensian Polyglot", "language": "Hebrew, Greek, Latin & Aramaic", "people": "Cardinal Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros, patron; Arnao Guillén de Brocar, printer; Demetrius Ducas and Hebrew scholars including Pablo Coronel and Alfonso de Zamora.", "claim": "Several columns do not mean several independent originals.", "kind": "polyglot", "sourceIds": [ "newberry", "complutensian", "eton" ], "layers": [ { "label": "Hebrew & Greek", "title": "Two textual traditions in view", "text": "The Old Testament places Hebrew beside the Greek Septuagint. The latter is an ancient translation tradition with its own manuscript history. The columns were edited, not simply photographed from ancient books.", "sourceIds": [ "newberry" ] }, { "label": "Latin aids", "title": "Latin serves more than one purpose", "text": "The central Vulgate is separate from the Latin aid attached to the Greek. Page design helps a Latin-reading scholar compare languages, but placement also conveys an editorial hierarchy.", "sourceIds": [ "newberry" ] }, { "label": "Targum", "title": "A Pentateuch-specific lower register", "text": "In the Pentateuch, the Aramaic Targum Onkelos appears with a Latin translation below the main columns. That layout should not be projected onto every biblical book.", "sourceIds": [ "newberry" ] } ], "limit": "Functional schematic of a Pentateuch page. Column order can vary with the opening; line alignment here does not claim word-for-word equivalence." }, { "id": "erasmus", "short": "Erasmus", "date": "1516", "place": "Basel", "name": "Novum Instrumentum omne", "language": "Greek & Latin", "people": "Desiderius Erasmus, editor and Latin translator; Johann Froben, printer.", "claim": "Editing Greek and translating Latin were distinct tasks in one volume.", "kind": "erasmus", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge", "dejonge" ], "layers": [ { "label": "Greek", "title": "An edited source-language text", "text": "Erasmus’s edition made a complete Greek New Testament publicly available in 1516. A limited manuscript supply and rapid production constrained the work. It was revised repeatedly; “Erasmus’s text” is not a single unchanging object.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge", "dejonge" ] }, { "label": "Latin", "title": "A new rendering for readers", "text": "The accompanying Latin version expresses Erasmus’s translation decisions. Agreement between two columns on the same printed page is not automatically independent manuscript support.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge", "dejonge" ] }, { "label": "Annotations", "title": "An argument beyond the opening", "text": "Erasmus explained decisions in his Annotationes. The band in this diagram represents the separate annotations in the volume, not footnotes physically beneath each Greek page.", "sourceIds": [ "dejonge" ] } ], "limit": "Schematic of the volume’s functions, not a facsimile. The annotations band deliberately compresses separate material." }, { "id": "bhq", "short": "BHQ", "date": "from 2004", "place": "Stuttgart", "name": "Biblia Hebraica Quinta", "language": "Hebrew, with critical apparatus", "people": "An international editorial team; German Bible Society. Adrian Schenker led the project’s earlier phase.", "claim": "A diplomatic text can accompany active textual criticism.", "kind": "bhq", "sourceIds": [ "bhq" ], "layers": [ { "label": "Base text", "title": "Print a particular witness", "text": "BHQ presents the Leningrad Codex (EBP. I B 19a) as its base. “Diplomatic” means representing that witness; it does not mean declaring every reading the earliest recoverable form.", "sourceIds": [ "bhq" ] }, { "label": "Masorah", "title": "Retain the scribal apparatus", "text": "Both the small and large Masorah belong to the manuscript tradition being edited. Keeping them visible preserves information a bare consonantal text would lose.", "sourceIds": [ "bhq" ] }, { "label": "Critical apparatus", "title": "Compare beyond the base", "text": "Other Hebrew witnesses and ancient versions enter the apparatus and commentary. An editor can discuss a preferable reading without silently replacing the manuscript text printed above.", "sourceIds": [ "bhq" ] } ], "limit": "BHQ is issued in fascicles. This is a functional model, not a reproduction of a copyrighted page or a claim that the whole project is complete." }, { "id": "na28", "short": "Nestle–Aland", "date": "2012 · NA28", "place": "Stuttgart / Münster", "name": "Novum Testamentum Graece", "language": "Greek, with critical apparatus", "people": "The Nestle–Aland editorial tradition, INTF researchers and an international committee; German Bible Society.", "claim": "The main text is an editorial judgment, not one copied codex.", "kind": "na28", "sourceIds": [ "na28", "intf" ], "layers": [ { "label": "Edited text", "title": "Reconstruct across witnesses", "text": "The Greek reading text results from comparing evidence. Unlike BHQ’s base-text policy, it is not a diplomatic reproduction of one manuscript. Neither approach removes the need for judgment.", "sourceIds": [ "intf", "cbgm" ] }, { "label": "References", "title": "Connections are not variants", "text": "Marginal references lead to related passages. They perform a different job from the apparatus below the text: a cross-reference is not a vote for a textual reading.", "sourceIds": [ "na28" ] }, { "label": "Critical apparatus", "title": "Make alternatives inspectable", "text": "NA28 incorporated ECM decisions in the Catholic Letters, James through Jude. The publisher identifies Jude 5 among meaningful textual changes. Even a mature printed edition can revise its main text.", "sourceIds": [ "na28" ] } ], "limit": "NA28 is used here as a dated case study, not as a permanent “latest edition.” The publisher’s NA29 notice describes further work in preparation." } ], "networks": [ { "id": "hebrew", "title": "Hebrew editions", "intro": "Follow BHQ back to its manuscript base and its predecessors. Editorial succession and textual basis are different relationships.", "nodes": [ { "id": "ben", "label": "Ben Hayyim", "date": "1524/25", "x": 15, "y": 15, "note": "A printed Masoretic text edited for Bomberg’s Second Rabbinic Bible." }, { "id": "bh12", "label": "BHK 1–2", "date": "1906 / 1913", "x": 50, "y": 15, "note": "Kittel used Ben Hayyim’s text, adding a critical apparatus." }, { "id": "len", "label": "Leningrad Codex", "date": "1008/09", "x": 15, "y": 52, "note": "A manuscript witness. The Society dates it 1008; 1008/09 is also used in cataloguing." }, { "id": "bh3", "label": "BHK 3", "date": "1937", "x": 50, "y": 52, "note": "Paul Kahle helped secure the change to a manuscript base." }, { "id": "bhs", "label": "BHS", "date": "1967–77", "x": 83, "y": 52, "note": "Elliger and Rudolph’s edition; Masorah work by Gérard E. Weil." }, { "id": "bhq", "label": "BHQ", "date": "from 2004", "x": 67, "y": 87, "note": "New apparatus and commentary, retaining Leningrad as base." } ], "edges": [ { "from": "ben", "to": "bh12", "label": "base text", "type": "text", "sourceIds": [ "bh-history" ] }, { "from": "bh12", "to": "bh3", "label": "series; base changes", "type": "series", "sourceIds": [ "bh-history" ] }, { "from": "len", "to": "bh3", "label": "base text", "type": "text", "sourceIds": [ "bh-history" ] }, { "from": "len", "to": "bhs", "label": "base text", "type": "text", "sourceIds": [ "bh-history" ] }, { "from": "bh3", "to": "bhs", "label": "editorial successor", "type": "series", "sourceIds": [ "bh-history" ] }, { "from": "bhs", "to": "bhq", "label": "editorial successor", "type": "series", "sourceIds": [ "bhq" ] }, { "from": "len", "to": "bhq", "label": "base text", "type": "text", "sourceIds": [ "bhq" ] } ], "defaultNode": "bhq", "limit": "No direct copying line from Ben Hayyim to the Leningrad Codex is claimed. Ancient versions and additional Hebrew witnesses also inform the apparatus; they are not all drawn." }, { "id": "early-greek", "title": "Early Greek editions", "intro": "Printed predecessors, manuscript variants and editorial revision meet. Select a node to see the precise relationships supported by the sources.", "nodes": [ { "id": "er", "label": "Erasmus editions", "date": "1516–1535", "x": 17, "y": 16, "note": "Multiple editions, not one fixed text. The first two lack the Comma; the third includes it." }, { "id": "cp", "label": "Complutensian", "date": "printed 1514", "x": 76, "y": 16, "note": "Independent production at Alcalá; circulation later than its printing date." }, { "id": "st", "label": "Estienne / Stephanus", "date": "1550", "x": 46, "y": 49, "note": "An influential edition with marginal variants. The source account connects his work with Erasmus and the Complutensian." }, { "id": "d", "label": "Codex Bezae", "date": "manuscript", "x": 85, "y": 49, "note": "A Greek–Latin manuscript. Citing a reading does not mean adopting its entire text." }, { "id": "be", "label": "Beza’s editions", "date": "later 16th c.", "x": 46, "y": 85, "note": "Beza used textual variants collected by Robert and Henri Estienne." } ], "edges": [ { "from": "er", "to": "st", "label": "printed predecessor", "type": "text", "sourceIds": [ "dts" ] }, { "from": "cp", "to": "st", "label": "printed predecessor", "type": "text", "sourceIds": [ "dts" ] }, { "from": "d", "to": "st", "label": "variants in margin", "type": "collation", "sourceIds": [ "bezae" ] }, { "from": "st", "to": "be", "label": "Estienne collations used", "type": "collation", "sourceIds": [ "dts" ] } ], "defaultNode": "st", "limit": "A selective evidence network, not a manuscript stemma. “Textus Receptus,” associated with the Elzevirs’ 1633 wording, names a printed tradition with differences, not a unique ancient manuscript." }, { "id": "modern-greek", "title": "Modern Greek editions", "intro": "Nestle’s first edition combined published scholarship. Later editorial work returned to the witnesses and changed both the apparatus and the reading text.", "nodes": [ { "id": "ti", "label": "Tischendorf", "date": "19th-century edition", "x": 15, "y": 15, "note": "One of the three editions compared by Eberhard Nestle." }, { "id": "wh", "label": "Westcott & Hort", "date": "1881", "x": 50, "y": 15, "note": "Another of Nestle’s three inputs, not the sole ancestor of the later edition." }, { "id": "wy", "label": "Weymouth", "date": "19th-century edition", "x": 85, "y": 15, "note": "Replaced by Bernhard Weiss’s edition in Nestle’s comparison in 1901." }, { "id": "n", "label": "Nestle", "date": "1898", "x": 50, "y": 48, "note": "Adopted the reading shared by two of his three edition inputs and recorded the alternative." }, { "id": "ecm", "label": "ECM", "date": "research edition", "x": 15, "y": 83, "note": "Extensive collations and editorial assessment, using CBGM for relevant work." }, { "id": "na", "label": "NA28", "date": "2012", "x": 70, "y": 83, "note": "A later member of a repeatedly revised series; ECM affected James–Jude here." } ], "edges": [ { "from": "ti", "to": "n", "label": "edition compared", "type": "collation", "sourceIds": [ "nestle" ] }, { "from": "wh", "to": "n", "label": "edition compared", "type": "collation", "sourceIds": [ "nestle" ] }, { "from": "wy", "to": "n", "label": "edition compared", "type": "collation", "sourceIds": [ "nestle" ] }, { "from": "n", "to": "na", "label": "series, intervening revisions", "type": "series", "sourceIds": [ "nestle" ] }, { "from": "ecm", "to": "na", "label": "Catholic Letters decisions", "type": "text", "sourceIds": [ "na28" ] } ], "defaultNode": "n", "limit": "The gap from 1898 to 2012 contains substantial revision, not a direct reprint. Manuscript discoveries, collation and human judgment cannot be reduced to one ancestry line." } ], "translations": [ { "id": "luther", "name": "Luther’s German New Testament", "date": "1522", "source": "Erasmus’s Greek edition", "decision": "Render the text in idiomatic German", "production": "Wittenberg; Melchior Lotther’s press", "text": "The September Testament joined a source-text choice to a vernacular translation project. Its publication date dates that German edition, not the Greek manuscripts behind it.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge" ] }, { "id": "tyndale", "name": "Tyndale’s English New Testament", "date": "1526; revised 1534", "source": "Greek scholarship and earlier translation work", "decision": "Translate and then revise English wording", "production": "Cologne attempt interrupted; complete edition printed at Worms", "text": "The surviving printing history includes failure, relocation and revision. A translation’s later printing can contain editorial changes as well as typesetting differences.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge" ] }, { "id": "coverdale", "name": "Coverdale’s complete English Bible", "date": "1535", "source": "Largely German and Latin translations", "decision": "Assemble a complete English Bible", "production": "Antwerp", "text": "A translation can work through other translations. “First complete printed English Bible” does not mean “first English Bible” or direct translation throughout from Hebrew and Greek.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge" ] }, { "id": "rheims", "name": "Rheims New Testament", "date": "1582", "source": "The Latin Vulgate", "decision": "Gregory Martin’s English rendering, reviewed by colleagues", "production": "John Fogny, Rheims", "text": "A Catholic translation project chose a different source-text policy from many Protestant projects. Confessional commitments affected the work, but its evidence must still be assessed passage by passage.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge" ] }, { "id": "kjv", "name": "King James Bible", "date": "1611", "source": "Bishops’ Bible as English revision base; earlier versions consulted", "decision": "Six companies, then further review", "production": "Robert Barker, London", "text": "The English revision base must not be confused with a single Hebrew or Greek edition. The project combined linguistic scholarship, inherited English phrasing and collective review.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge" ] } ], "teachingSequence": [ { "step": 1, "title": "Make and compare copies", "outcome": "Explain why repeatable type can still produce different copies." }, { "step": 2, "title": "Read the architecture", "outcome": "Distinguish biblical text, Masorah, commentary, translation and apparatus." }, { "step": 3, "title": "Trace documented inputs", "outcome": "Follow multiple kinds of relationship without inventing one chain." }, { "step": 4, "title": "Inspect a real page and test an argument", "outcome": "Read 1516 evidence before assessing the 1522 revision and promise story." }, { "step": 5, "title": "Separate translation from production", "outcome": "Recognize language choices, collaborative work and changing readerships." }, { "step": 6, "title": "Read beneath the line", "outcome": "Compare diplomatic, eclectic and synoptic aims and see why modern editions keep changing." } ], "anchors": [ { "id": "scribal-labor", "classification": "evidence", "claim": "Parchment preparation, ruling, copying, illumination and binding were distinguishable tasks; skilled hand work continued after print.", "sourceIds": [ "getty", "cambridge" ] }, { "id": "type-labor", "classification": "evidence plus explicitly schematic demonstration", "claim": "Plantin obtained type from specialists including Claude Garamond, Guillaume Le Bé and Robert Granjon. Punches and matrices enabled casting; compositors arranged type and proofreaders checked impressions. The interactive PRNIT/PRINT exercise is invented to demonstrate repeated settings and corrected states.", "sourceIds": [ "materials", "workshop" ], "limit": "No numerical model of historical production rates; no invented Bible reading." }, { "id": "asian-precedence", "classification": "evidence", "claim": "Movable type in Asia precedes Gutenberg; the European printing story is not a global invention claim.", "sourceIds": [ "asia" ] }, { "id": "soncino-1488", "classification": "evidence", "claim": "The Soncino family’s complete printed Hebrew Bible appeared in 1488; Hebrew printing is not merely a preliminary stage of Christian editions.", "people": [ "Soncino family" ], "sourceIds": [ "soncino" ] }, { "id": "production-dates", "classification": "evidence and reconstruction separated", "claim": "Complutensian colophons date NT printing to 10 January 1514, reference volume to 17 March 1515 and OT to 10 July 1517. Authorization is dated 22 March 1520. Circulation circa 1522 is less firmly pinned down.", "sourceIds": [ "complutensian", "eton" ] }, { "id": "polyglot-continuation", "classification": "evidence", "claim": "Plantin’s Antwerp project was directed by Arias Montanus with Philip II’s support; museum describes eight volumes and five languages. Its account-book record dates the production programme 1568–73; individual imprints are often dated 1569–72.", "sourceIds": [ "plantin", "plantin-accounts" ], "limit": "No claim that every passage appears in every language; dates of project, volumes and release differ." }, { "id": "london-polyglot", "classification": "evidence", "claim": "Brian Walton’s London Polyglot, 1654–57, used subscription funding and brought together more versions. Six volumes; its nine-language range is not nine versions of every biblical book.", "people": [ "Brian Walton", "Thomas Roycroft" ], "sourceIds": [ "newberry" ], "limit": "A selection from the polyglot tradition; Paris Polyglot (1628–45) acknowledged but not reconstructed here." }, { "id": "comma", "classification": "evidence", "passage": "1 John 5:7–8", "claim": "The Comma Johanneum is absent from Erasmus’s Greek editions of 1516 and 1519 and included in 1522.", "sourceIds": [ "dejonge" ] }, { "id": "promise", "classification": "interpretation under dispute", "claim": "De Jonge rejects the traditional promise story after examining the retrospective conditional in Erasmus’s reply to Edward Lee. A theory of motivation must not be presented as if it were a colophon fact.", "sourceIds": [ "dejonge" ], "limit": "Do not infer the text’s earliest form merely by voting among printed editions. Do not repeat unsupported claims that a manuscript was demonstrably manufactured to force a promise." }, { "id": "revelation", "classification": "located research lead", "passage": "Revelation 22:16–21", "claim": "Tregelles’s introduction discusses Erasmus’s treatment of the ending. Further direct comparison of the 1516 edition and its manuscript is needed for a detailed on-page case study.", "sourceIds": [ "tregelles" ], "publication": "Not used for a word-level reconstruction in this study." }, { "id": "mill", "classification": "evidence from located excerpt", "claim": "John Mill’s 1707 Greek Testament assembled variant readings after decades of work, helping separate inherited printed text from evidence collected below it.", "sourceIds": [ "mill" ], "limit": "No unsupported precise variant count is used." }, { "id": "modern-judgment", "classification": "methodological interpretation grounded in project documentation", "claim": "CBGM helps assess relations among witness texts and local variant relationships. It does not eliminate editorial judgment or simply trace the physical parentage of codices.", "sourceIds": [ "cbgm" ] }, { "id": "modern-revision", "classification": "evidence", "passage": "Jude 5", "claim": "NA28’s publisher identifies meaningful main-text revision in the Catholic Letters through ECM work, with Jude 5 as an example. No full copyrighted apparatus reproduced.", "sourceIds": [ "na28" ] }, { "id": "ongoing", "classification": "dated project status", "claim": "BHQ continues in fascicles. The NA29 project notice describes work in preparation including ECM developments in Mark, Acts and Revelation.", "sourceIds": [ "bhq", "na29" ], "limit": "Status is attributed to the publisher as checked 2026-10-13, not a promise of a release date." }, { "id": "greek-old-testament", "classification": "evidence", "claim": "The Septuagint has its own edition history. Rahlfs’s compact 1935 edition was revised by Hanhart in 2006. The larger Göttingen series publishes individual books with named editors, including John William Wevers’s Genesis (1974).", "sourceIds": [ "lxx", "goettingen" ], "limit": "Do not confuse the Septuagint project’s large critical edition with the INTF Greek New Testament ECM. No simple succession chain between the compact edition and every Göttingen volume is implied." } ], "disagreementsAndLimits": [ { "topic": "Which was first?", "resolution": "Qualify first printed versus first published; qualify complete Bible versus NT; qualify language and geography. Gutenberg did not invent all printing." }, { "topic": "What does a tree prove?", "resolution": "Only draw listed documented relationships. Solid = textual basis/influence; dotted = collation; dashed = editorial succession. Connections do not mean identity of every reading or exclusive descent." }, { "topic": "Confessional descriptions", "resolution": "Historical prefaces may defend a hierarchy of languages or versions. Describe those commitments as their authors’ interpretations, not neutral facts about the intrinsic value of a language." }, { "topic": "Textus Receptus", "resolution": "A retrospective label for related printed Greek editions; not one manuscript or an invariant text. Hebrew use of received-text terminology is a separate history." }, { "topic": "Diplomatic versus eclectic", "resolution": "Different editorial aims. A diplomatic edition can have a critically evaluative apparatus; an eclectic text does not have to follow whichever witness is oldest or most numerous." }, { "topic": "Source reliability", "resolution": "Even institutions disagree. Retain Bomberg dating variations and Antwerp project/imprint distinctions. Reject Newberry’s internally inconsistent Antwerp totals in favor of the holding museum." }, { "topic": "A missing note", "resolution": "Silence in a selective apparatus does not establish that all witnesses agree; Habakkuk 3:1 is a comparison of editorial reporting." }, { "topic": "Indigenous collaboration", "resolution": "Avoid attributing the whole Massachusett Bible to an isolated European translator or treating colonial literacy as uncomplicated progress." } ], "artwork": { "type": "Original functional SVGs and HTML, plus one attributed public-domain primary page", "rights": "Basel e-rara page Public Domain Mark; other graphics are original teaching schematics.", "limits": "Schematics are labelled. Greek and Hebrew excerpts are short normalized transcriptions; no full modern apparatus reproduced. The press exercise is invented." }, "deeperReading": [ { "sourceId": "agata-report", "purpose": "The research question behind the press exercise: compare copies within one edition to recover production changes.", "readStatus": "Publisher record read; full 2003 article not accessed. Dissertation summary accessed separately." }, { "sourceId": "dejonge", "purpose": "Follow the correction of a famous anecdote back to the grammar and context of Erasmus’s reply.", "readStatus": "Article read; original replies accessed through its quotations." }, { "sourceId": "mcdonald", "purpose": "A longer social history of the Comma dispute, connecting textual decisions with confessional controversy.", "readStatus": "Publisher description and contents only; full monograph not read." }, { "sourceId": "prinsloo", "purpose": "A worked critique of compact apparatuses, using Habakkuk; argues for seeing witnesses in context.", "readStatus": "Edition-method and Habakkuk sections read. This is an argued position, not a consensus statement." }, { "sourceId": "hbce", "purpose": "Read the editors’ case for reconstructed Hebrew texts and parallel ancient editions.", "readStatus": "Project statement reviewed; full critical volumes not read." }, { "sourceId": "haketer", "purpose": "A continuing Jewish edition of text, Masorah, targum and commentary grounded in manuscript research.", "readStatus": "Institutional project account read." }, { "sourceId": "eliot-census", "purpose": "Follow individual copies beyond the publication date through a specialist census.", "readStatus": "Project introduction located; census entries not audited." }, { "sourceId": "cbgm", "purpose": "Understand how textual relationships inform modern editing without becoming a family tree of physical books.", "readStatus": "Project explanation read." } ], "editorialRules": [ "Josephus-specific material stays in Scholars; none used here.", "Do not connect unfinished studies.", "No public deployment.", "Keep translation, source-text editing and reproduction technology analytically distinct." ], "caseStudies": [ { "id": "copy-and-edition", "question": "Can two copies of the same edition differ?", "observed": "Agata’s image comparison detected changes within settings, including type orientation, spelling and punctuation.", "inferred": "Ordering corrected and uncorrected states can reconstruct production, but a bound copy can mix states of different sheets.", "teachingModel": "Existing PRNIT/PRINT setting exercise retained; fictional word expressly labelled. No historical Bible variant is simulated as real.", "sourceIds": [ "agata", "agata-report", "workshop" ], "limit": "Published summary examined; full collation tables not inspected." }, { "id": "page-183", "question": "What can a printed page establish?", "object": "Basel UBH BibG B 3, Novum Instrumentum (1516), printed p. 183, IIIF canvas 896099.", "observed": "Greek in left column, Latin in right. At 1 John 5:7–8 the list is spirit, water, blood without the heavenly witnesses clause. Chapter V appears in Latin margin; bottom has signature q3 and a catchword.", "transcription": { "greek": "τὸ πνεῦμα, καὶ τὸ ὕδωρ καὶ τὸ αἷμα", "english": "the spirit, and the water and the blood", "method": "Short normalized Greek excerpt: abbreviations expanded, typography and punctuation normalized. English is a literal study rendering, not a complete verse translation." }, "inferred": "The two columns belong to one editorial project and cannot be counted as two independent ancient manuscript votes.", "limit": "1519/1522 states are supported by research; only 1516 page directly inspected here. Handwritten marginal note is not dated or attributed.", "sourceIds": [ "erasmus-page", "dejonge", "basel-erasmus" ] }, { "id": "promise", "question": "Does Erasmus’s reply promise a future insertion?", "primaryLocator": "Responsio ad Annotationes Eduardi Lei (May 1520), Clericus IX, col. 275 BC, quoted by de Jonge p. 385.", "excerpt": "Si mihi contigisset unum exemplar", "rendering": "If a single copy had come into my hands", "observed": "The quoted Latin uses an unreal past condition; the continuation explains what Erasmus would have done.", "interpretation": "De Jonge challenges the promise anecdote and reads the reply as a defense of earlier editions. Theological pressure and publishing aims matter, but motives remain argued interpretations.", "sourceIds": [ "dejonge", "mcdonald" ], "limit": "This is a quotation through modern research, not a direct examination of the 1520 printing. No claim that a codex was proved manufactured to force a promise." }, { "id": "habakkuk", "question": "Does a revised apparatus require a revised main text?", "passage": "Habakkuk 3:1", "excerpt": "לַחֲבַקּוּק הַנָּבִיא", "rendering": "of Habakkuk the prophet", "observed": "Prinsloo reports no BHS note at this phrase, but a BHQ note recording omission of “the prophet” in the Barberini Greek version.", "interpretation": "A reader gains a comparison without losing the diplomatic base text. Absence of an apparatus entry does not prove universal agreement.", "limit": "Normalized phrase and paraphrased comparison, not a facsimile or complete apparatus. No independent collation of Barberini or the two printed editions.", "sourceIds": [ "prinsloo", "bhq" ] }, { "id": "edition-policy", "question": "What is the main text trying to represent?", "positions": [ { "name": "BHQ", "aim": "Document Leningrad as a stable reference, critically evaluate variants in apparatus/commentary." }, { "name": "HBCE", "aim": "Reconstruct earliest inferable textual forms; separate columns where ancient editions differ." }, { "name": "Synoptic proposal", "aim": "Prinsloo argues for contextual comparison of witness texts so compact apparatuses do not conceal assumptions." } ], "interpretation": "Different answers make different research tools. Diplomatic does not mean uncritical, and a reconstructed archetype does not mean an author’s autograph.", "sourceIds": [ "bhq", "hbce", "prinsloo", "hobbins" ], "limit": "The reconstruction debate is substantial; the synoptic proposal is an attributed argument, not the replacement consensus." }, { "id": "translation-and-labour", "question": "Whose work disappears from a book’s familiar name?", "observed": "Bridwell’s 1685 revised Eliot Bible record names Job Nesutan and James Printer; Peabody identifies Printer as Nipmuc and documents his typesetting.", "interpretation": "Translation, composition and correction could overlap in one skilled person while remaining distinct tasks. Missionary publication and later Indigenous language reclamation give the same text different purposes.", "limit": "No exact distribution of translated passages among collaborators reconstructed. No exclusive Geneva/KJV base asserted. Excavated type belongs to broader press history, not automatically to this Bible.", "sourceIds": [ "eliot", "peabody", "eliot-afterlife" ] } ], "researchGaps": [ { "topic": "Edition-by-edition collation", "gap": "1516 p. 183 inspected directly; 1519 and 1522 passage states remain checked through scholarship. No exhaustive comparison of Erasmus’s five editions.", "nextStep": "Collate corresponding Greek, Latin and Annotationes pages across all five editions." }, { "topic": "Early Greek network", "gap": "Three DTS-based influence links still rely on indexed exhibition excerpts because the host times out; Cambridge’s Bezae marginal-evidence link now directly read.", "nextStep": "Check Estienne and Beza prefaces and apparatuses before adding more specific reading-level descent." }, { "topic": "Gutenberg production", "gap": "Agata’s Japanese summary accessed, not full dissertation or complete collation tables.", "nextStep": "Inspect the original variant table and paired images before adding actual stop-press readings." }, { "topic": "Hebrew apparatus", "gap": "Habakkuk comparison accessed in Prinsloo’s original research, not independently checked against full BHS/BHQ fascicles.", "nextStep": "Check Gelston 2010 Habakkuk 3:1 and commentary p. 122*; do not expand to unsupported witness lists." }, { "topic": "Global scope", "gap": "No comprehensive account of Armenian, Arabic, Ethiopic, South or East Asian Bible printing. Massachusett collaborators’ individual contributions not reconstructed.", "nextStep": "Develop separate source-led histories; avoid making European dates universal firsts." }, { "topic": "Located scholarship", "gap": "Weis full text, McDonald monograph, Agata 2003 article and Tregelles edition not read in full.", "nextStep": "Access full works before attributing detailed conclusions beyond inspected records." } ], "assets": [ { "path": "/assets/print-room/erasmus-1516-1john.jpg", "creator": "Desiderius Erasmus; printer Johann Froben, Basel, 1516", "holder": "Universitätsbibliothek Basel, UBH BibG B 3", "persistentIdentifier": "https://doi.org/10.3931/e-rara-2849", "page": "Printed p. 183; e-rara image/canvas 896099", "download": "https://www.e-rara.ch/i3f/v20/896099/full/1400,/0/default.jpg", "rights": "Public Domain Mark in institutional catalogue", "modifications": "No image alteration. Display zooms and an HTML reading guide are clearly distinguished from original marks.", "checked": "2026-10-14" } ] }